Timer events are events which are triggered by a defined timer. They can be used as start event, intermediate event or boundary event. Boundary events can be interrupting or not.

Configuration

Timers are only fired when the Job Executor is enabled.

Defining a Timer

Timers are configured using an ISO 8601 time format. A timer definition must have exactly one of the following elements.

Time Date

This format specifies a fixed time and date in adhering to the ISO 8601 format, when the trigger will be fired.

Example:

<timerEventDefinition>
  <timeDate>2011-03-11T12:13:14Z</timeDate>
</timerEventDefinition>

Time Duration

To specify how long the timer should run before it is fired, a timeDuration can be specified as a sub-element of timerEventDefinition. It is possible to define the duration in two different ISO 8601 Durations formats:

• PnYnMnDTnHnMnS
• PnW

Example (interval lasting 10 days):

<timerEventDefinition>
  <timeDuration>P10D</timeDuration>
</timerEventDefinition>

Time Cycle

Specifies repeating intervals, which can be useful for starting process periodically, or for sending multiple reminders for overdue user tasks. A time cycle element can be in two formats. One option is the format of recurring time duration, as specified by the ISO 8601 Repeating Intervals standard.

Example (3 repeating intervals, each lasting 10 hours):

<timerEventDefinition>
  <timeCycle>R3/PT10H</timeCycle>
</timerEventDefinition>

Additionally, you can specify a time cycle using cron expressions, the example below shows a trigger firing every 5 minutes, starting at full hour:

0 0/5 * * * ?

Please see the CronTrigger Tutorial for additional information about using cron expressions.

Note: The first symbol denotes seconds, not minutes as in normal Unix cron.

The recurring time duration option is better suited for handling relative timers, which are calculated in respect to some particular point in time (e.g., the time when a user task was started), while cron expressions can handle absolute timers - which is particularly useful for timer start events.

Modify a Time Cycle

A timer’s repeat cycle can be controlled via the REST API or by calling the ManagementService. By setting the due date of a timer, it is possible to change the point in time when a timer is executed.

managementService.setJobDuedate(String jobId, Date newDuedate)

Changes to one timer instance do not automatically affect subsequent timer instances. For example, a certain recurring timer produces a timer event every 30 minutes. If the due date of one timer event is changed (e.g. +15minutes), it would be executed 45 minutes after the previous timer. However, the following timer would follow the old pattern and would execute 15 minutes after the changed timer.

If the desired outcome is to calculate the due dates of all subsequent timers based on the changes made, then it is possible to pass a cascade flag (when using the REST API) or use the following Java API method:

managementService.setJobDuedate(String jobId, Date newDuedate, boolean cascade)

Expressions

You can use expressions for the timer event definitions. By doing so you can influence the timer definition based on process variables. The process variables must contain the ISO 8601 (or cron for cycle type) string for the appropriate timer type.

<boundaryEvent id="escalationTimer" cancelActivity="true" attachedToRef="firstLineSupport">
  <timerEventDefinition>
    <timeDuration>${duration}</timeDuration>
  </timerEventDefinition>
</boundaryEvent>

Re-evaluate a time cycle

A timer’s repeat cycle can be updated if the defined expression is changed. This is achieved by re-evaluation of the expression next time when a timer is fired. So the new cycle will be effective from the next scheduled timer.

Let’s observe a scenario with the following timer defined where myBean.getCycle()="R3/PT2H":

<startEvent id="theStart">
  <timerEventDefinition>
    <timeCycle>#{myBean.getCycle()}</timeCycle>
  </timerEventDefinition>
</startEvent>

Let’s assume the timer is meant to fire at 1 p.m., 3 p.m., and 5 p.m.

At 4 p.m., after the timer has fired two times, we adjust the bean to return myBean.getCycle()="R2/PT30M". In effect, the timer will still be triggered at 5 p.m. (as initially scheduled and calculated by the previous cycle). Afterward, it will fire at 5:30 p.m. and 6 p.m. (based on the new cycle).

The feature is disabled by default. To enable it, set the reevaluateTimeCycleWhenDue property to true in the process engine configuration.

Handling of Timezones

The configuration 2022-03-11T12:13:14 does not specify a time zone. At runtime, such a date is interpreted in the local time zone of the JVM executing the process. This can be problematic in various cases, such as when running multiple Camunda nodes in different time zones or when you cannot assume the time zone the platform runs in. Furthermore, there can be glitches with respect to daylight saving time (DST). If in doubt, specify the time in UTC (e.g., 2022-03-11T12:13:14Z) or with a UTC-relative offset (e.g., 2022-03-11T12:13:14+01).

Camunda Extensions

Attributes	camunda:asyncBefore, camunda:asyncAfter, camunda:exclusive, camunda:jobPriority
Extension Elements	camunda:failedJobRetryTimeCycle, camunda:inputOutput
Constraints	–

Timer Start Event

A timer start event is used to create process instance at a given time. It can be used both for processes which should start only once and for processes that should start in specific time intervals.

Note: A subprocess cannot have a timer start event.

Note: A timer start event is scheduled as soon as process is deployed. There is no need to call startProcessInstanceBy..., although calling start process methods is not restricted and will cause one more start of the process at the time of the startProcessInstanceBy... invocation.

The XML representation of a timer start event is the normal start event declaration, with a timer definition sub-element. The following example process will start 4 times, in 5 minute intervals, starting on 11th of March 2022, at 12:13 (UTC +01, 24 hour clock system):

<startEvent id="theStart">
  <timerEventDefinition>
    <timeCycle>R4/2022-03-11T12:13+01/PT5M</timeCycle>
  </timerEventDefinition>
</startEvent>

and this process will start once, on a selected date, at Greenwich time:

<startEvent id="theStart">
  <timerEventDefinition>
    <timeDate>2022-03-11T12:13:14Z</timeDate>
  </timerEventDefinition>
</startEvent>

Timer Intermediate Catching Event

A timer intermediate event acts as a stopwatch. When an execution arrives in catching event activity, a timer is started. When the timer fires (e.g., after a specified interval), the sequence flow going out of the timer intermediate event is followed.

A timer intermediate event is defined as an intermediate catching event. The specific type sub-element in this case is a timerEventDefinition element.

<intermediateCatchEvent id="timer">
  <timerEventDefinition>
    <timeDuration>PT5M</timeDuration>
  </timerEventDefinition>
</intermediateCatchEvent>

Timer Boundary Event

A timer boundary event acts as a stopwatch and as an alarm clock. When an execution arrives in the activity to which the boundary event is attached, a timer is started. When the timer fires (e.g., after a specified interval), the activity is interrupted and the sequence flow going out of the timer boundary event are followed.

There is the difference between an interrupting and a non interrupting timer event. The interrupting event is the default. The non-interrupting event leads to the original activity not being interrupted, the activity stays there. Instead, an additional execution is created and sent over the outgoing transition of the event. In the XML representation, the cancelActivity attribute is set to false:

<boundaryEvent id="escalationTimer" cancelActivity="false" />
  <timerEventDefinition>
    <timeDuration>PT4H</timeDuration>
  </timerEventDefinition>
</boundaryEvent>